A survey of extinct animal species from the Permian through the Cretaceous periods. We discuss important differences between anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids, and then review diverse species from all groups, including pelycosaurs, therapsids, parareptiles, euryapsids, pterosaurs, pseudosuchia, and dinosaurs. We also consider aspects including bipedal gait, endothermy, gigantism, and the cause of the end Cretaceous mass extinction. Recommended pre-listening is Episode 160: The Evolution of Animals.

If you enjoyed the podcast please consider supporting the show by making a PayPal donation or becoming a Patreon supporter.

https://www.patreon.com/jamesfodor

https://www.paypal.me/ScienceofEverything

A journey through the evolutionary history of animals, beginning with the split of the metazoans from protists about 760 million years ago and ending with the rise of the amniotes about 340 million years ago. The focus is the development of key morphological traits necessary for more complex animal forms, including the origin of true tissues, bilaterial symmetry, the complete gut, the coelom, internal skeletons, and limbs. We conclude with an analysis of key adaptions that allowed amniotes to life in a wider range of terrestrial habitats. Recommended pre-listening is Episode 155: Embryology and Development and Episode 157: The Geologic Time Scale.

If you enjoyed the podcast please consider supporting the show by making a PayPal donation or becoming a Patreon supporter.

https://www.patreon.com/jamesfodor

https://www.paypal.me/ScienceofEverything

Continuing from quantum electrodynamics part 1, here we explore the mathematical machinery used to compute interactions between particles, including propagators, Feynman diagrams, cross sections. We then walk through a simple example calculation to illustrate how these tools are applied. I conclude with an introduction to the problem of divergent loop integrals and how these can be resolved using renormalisation. Recommended pre-listening is Episode 158: Quantum Electrodynamics Part 1.

If you enjoyed the podcast please consider supporting the show by making a PayPal donation or becoming a Patreon supporter.

https://www.patreon.com/jamesfodor

https://www.paypal.me/ScienceofEverything